Expert consensus on the medical quality evaluation and improvement suggestions of in patients with chronic migraine / 中华内科杂志

Migraine is a highly disabling primary headache disease, accompanied by nausea, emesis, photophobia and phonophobia. Chronic migraine is usually developed from episodic migraine, and usually comorbids with anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders, further aggravating the disease burden. At present, the clinical diagnosis and treatment of migraine in China are not standard, and the migraine medical quality control evaluation system is lacking. In order to achieve standardized diagnosis and treatment of migraine, headache collaborators of Chinese Society of Neurology, based on national and international clinical research on diagnosis and treatment of migraine and combined with the current situation of China's medical system, drafted the expert consensus on the medical quality evaluation of inpatients with chronic migraine.

Estudo de propriedades psicométricas do M-chat no Brasil / Study of M-chat psychometric proprieties in Brazil / Estudio de las propiedades psicométricas de M-chat en Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-Chat) em crianças de 24 a 36 meses de idade com (Grupo 1/n = 88) e sem (Grupo 2/n = 1116) o transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA). Avaliou-se a consistência interna e estimou-se a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN). Além disso, construiu-se a curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Para avaliar a validade discriminante, comparou-se a proporção de falhas entre as crianças com e sem o TEA, utilizando o teste qui-quadrado ou teste Exato de Fisher. Comparou-se ainda o número de falhas segundo sexo, faixa etária e grupo do participante por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney. O M-Chat apresentou consistência interna elevada (0,78 e 0,86), reprodutibilidade satisfatória (Kappa de 0,6 a 0,79 e CCI = 0,87 e 0,89), alta sensibilidade (0,807 e 0,932), especificidade (0,927 e 0,706) e VPN (0,984 e 0,992), porém as estimativas do VPP (0,467 e 0,250) não foram satisfatórias. Quanto à validade discriminante, observou-se que a proporção de falhas foi significativamente maior no grupo de crianças com TEA. Observou-se também que o número de falhas foi maior entre as crianças do sexo masculino, com faixa etária de 25-36 meses e no grupo com TEA. A versão brasileira do M-Chat tem propriedades psicométricas adequadas no que se refere à confiabilidade, sensibilidade, especificidade, VPN e validade discriminante, o que torna recomendável sua aplicação para rastrear crianças com sinais do TEA.(AU)

This study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the instrument Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) in children from 24 to 36 months old with (Group 1/n = 88) and without (Group 2/n = 1116) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Internal consistency was evaluated and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were estimated. Also, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was generated. To evaluate the discriminant validity, the proportion of flaws among children with and without ASD was assessed by applying the Chi-square test or by the Exact Fisher test. The number of flaws based on sex, age group, and participant's group was also compared with the Mann-Whitney Test. The M-CHAT showed high internal consistency (0.78 and 0.86), satisfactory reproductivity (Kappa 0.60 and 0.79 and ICC = 0.87 and 0.89), high sensibility (0.807 and 0.932), specificity (0.927 and 0.706), and NPV (0.984 and 0.992); however, PPV estimates (0.467 and 0.250) were not satisfactory. Regarding the discriminant validity, the proportion of flaws was significantly higher in the group of children with ASD. Moreover, the number of flaws was larger among boys, in the age group 25-36 months, and in the group with ASD. The Brazilian version of M-CHAT has adequate psychometric properties concerning reliability, sensitivity, specificity, NPV and discriminant validity, which makes its application recommendable to track children with ASD signs.(AU)

Ese estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) en niños de 24 a los 36 meses de edad con (grupo 1/n=88) y sin (grupo 2/n=1116) el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Fueron evaluadas la consistencia interna y estimadas la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP), valor predictivo negativo (VPN). Además, se construyó la curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Para evaluar la validad discriminante se comparó la proporción de los fracasos entre los niños con y sin TEA, utilizando el examen chi-cuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher. Se compararon también el número de fracasos según el sexo, edad y grupo de participantes por medio del teste Mann-Whitney. El M-CHAT presentó consistencia interna elevada (0,78 y 0,86), reproductividad satisfactoria (Kappa de 0,60 a 0,79 e CCI = 0,87 e 0,89), alta sensibilidad (0,807 e 0,932), especificidad (0,927 e 0,706) y VPN (0,984 e 0,992), pero las estimativas del VPP (0,467 e 0,250) no fueron satisfactorias. Acerca de la validad discriminante, se observó que la proporción de fallas fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de niños con TEA. El número de fracasos fue mayor entre los niños varones, de 25 a 36 meses de edad y no en el grupo con TEA. La versión brasileña del M-CHAT tiene propiedades psicométricas adecuadas en lo que concierne a la confiabilidad, sensibilidad, especificidad, VPN y validad discriminante, lo que hace que su aplicación sea recomendada para rastrear los niños con señales de TEA.(AU)

Carcinoma epidermoide córneo-conjuntival. Presentación de un caso / Squamous cell, corneal-conjunctival carcinoma of. Case report

RESUMEN Se presentó el caso de un paciente masculino de 60 años, blanco, que fue atendido en la Consulta de Oftalmología, del Hospital "Dr. Mario Muñoz", del municipio de Colón, provincia de Matanzas. Refirió que llevaba aproximadamente 20 días, con sensación de cuerpo extraño en el ojo izquierdo, enrojecimiento, secreción constante, fotofobia y una lesión que le había aumentado de tamaño durante este período; la que se tornaba dolorosa durante el parpadeo. Se decidió realizar este trabajo con el objetivo de mostrar los beneficios obtenidos al concluir el tratamiento aplicado a este tipo de tumor (AU).

ABSTRACT The authors present the case of a white male patient, aged 60 years, who assisted the Consultation of Ophthalmology of the Hospital "Dr. Mario Muñoz", of the municipality of Colon. He referred feeling a foreign body in the left eye for already 20 days, presence of redness, constant secretion, photophobia and a lesion that had grown during that period, painful when blinking. The authors decided to write this article with the objective of showing the benefits obtained with the applied treatment in this kind of tumor (AU).

Predictors of the Response to an Epidural Blood Patch in Patients with Spinal Leakage of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Constipation is associated with tension type headache in women / Constipação está associada à cefaleia do tipo tensional em mulheres

ABSTRACT Tension-type headaches (TTH) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are comorbid diseases affecting, especially, women. One of the underlying mechanisms for both is autonomic dysfunction in the brain-gut axis. We aimed to evaluate the factors accompanying TTH and their relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: Women diagnosed with TTH were questioned about headache pattern and severity, and accompanying factors, as well as being screened for IBS according to the Rome III criteria. The participants were divided into two groups: constipation-dominant IBS (IBS-C) group and "others", with a total of 115 individuals included in the study. Results: Of the 115 patients; 48 (41.8%) of the women had IBS-C criteria while 67 (58.2%) described mixed-type IBS or diarrhea-dominant IBS. There were no significant differences in terms of mean age (p = 0.290), body mass index (p = 0.212), visual analog scale (p = 0.965), duration of attacks (p = 0.692), and episodic/chronic type (p = 0.553). Osmophobia was seen in 43.5%; phonophobia in 68.7%, and photophobia in 47.0% of the patients, and only osmophobia was significantly associated in women in the IBS-C group (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In female patients with TTH, a higher level of constipation was detected. The relationship of these two diseases suggests that they may share common mechanisms. This is the first study showing the relationship of osmophobia with constipation.

RESUMO As cefaléias do tipo tensional (TTH) e a síndrome do intestino irritável (IBS) são comorbidades que afetam especialmente as mulheres. O mecanismo subjacente para ambas é a disfunção autonômica no eixo cérebro-intestino. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os fatores que acompanham as TTH e sua relação com distúrbios gastrointestinais funcionais (FGID). Métodos: Mulheres com diagnóstico de TTH foram questionadas quanto ao padrão e gravidade da cefaleia, fatores acompanhantes e triadas para IBS de acordo com os critérios de Roma III e foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo com IBS com predominância de constipação (IBS-C) e as demais. Um total de 115 mulheres foram incluídas no estudo. Resultados: Do total de 115 pacientes; 48 (41,8%) das mulheres tiveram os critérios da IBS-C, enquanto 67 (58,2%) tiveram IBS do tipo misto ou IBS com predominância de diarreia. Não houve diferenças significativas em termos de idade média (p = 0,290), índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p = 0,212), escala visual analógica (VAS) (p = 0,965), duração dos ataques (p = 0,692), e tipo episódico / crônico (p = 0,553). Osmofobia foi observada em 43,5% das pacientes; fonofobia em 68,7% e fotofobia em 47,0%, e apenas osmofobia foi significativamente associada no grupo de mulheres com predominância de constipação (p = 0,001). Conclusão: Em pacientes do sexo feminino com TTH, encontra-se uma maior constipação. A relação dessas duas doenças sugere que elas podem compartilhar mecanismos comuns. Além disso, este é o primeiro estudo mostrando a relação da osmofobia com a constipação.

Primer reporte de Cryptococcus gattii en Ecuador / First report of Cryptococcus gattii in Ecuador

El presente es el reporte de un caso de un paciente masculino de 37 años, con manifestaciones clínicas de aproximadamente 1 año de evolución caracterizadas por cefalea holocraneana de gran intensidad, fotofobia, diplopía, que se exacerban en los últimos tres meses con alucinaciones, pérdida de audición de oído izquierdo, refirió exposición de 4 años a heces de aves (palomas) por su trabajo en el puerto marítimo.Acudió por consulta privada a valoración y manejo, se le efectúa el diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, por lo cual se prescribió metformina oral, una vez iniciado el tratamiento presentó exacerbación de los síntomas neurológicos, por lo que se indicó internación hospitalaria y se sometió a investigación para diagnóstico de su enfermedad, con presunción de meningitis bacteriana, se le realizó punción lumbar para estudios microbiológicos y se inició tratamiento empírico con glucopeptido y carbapenemico. Con el esquema antimicrobiano presentó leve mejoría en la intensidad de sus síntomas, en el estudio microbiológico del líquido cefalorraquídeo se observaron estructuras micóticas compatibles con Cryptococcus, por lo cual se realizó una segunda punción lumbar para conseguir una muestra adecuada para cultivo y estudio con biología molecular, a fin de establecer el diagnóstico definitivo del microorganismo.

The present is a report of a 37-year-old male patient, who present clinical manifestations of approximately 1 year, by high-intensity holocranial headache, photophobia, diplopia, which were exacerbated in the last three months with hallucinations, loss of Hearing from the left ear, hereported exposure of 4 years to feces of birds (pigeons) for his work in the seaport.The patient was refer to a private consultation to assessment and management, he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, for which oral metformin was prescribed, once the treatment had begun, exacerbation of the neurological symptoms, so hospitalization was indicated, and He underwent research to diagnose his disease, with presumed bacterial meningitis, he underwent lumbar puncture for microbiological studies and began empirical treatment with glucopeptide and carbapenemic; With the antimicrobial scheme, there was a slight improvement in the intensity of its symptoms. In the microbiological study of the preliminary cerebrospinal fluid, fungal structures compatible with Cryptococcus were observe; a second lumbar puncture was performed to obtain an adequate sample for culture and study with molecular biology, in order to establish the definitive diagnosis of the microorganism.

Neurological Symptoms of Intracranial Hypotension

Intracranial hypotension usually arises in the context of known or suspected leak of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This leakage leads to a fall in intracranial CSF pressure and CSF volume. The most common clinical manifestation of intracranial hypotension is orthostatic headache. Post-dural puncture headache and CSF fistula headache are classified along with headache attributed to spontaneous intracranial hypotension as headache attributed to low CSF pressure by the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Headache attributed to low CSF pressure is usually but not always orthostatic. The orthostatic features at its onset can become less prominent over time. Other manifestations of intracranial hypotension are nausea, spine pain, neck stiffness, photophobia, hearing abnormalities, tinnitus, dizziness, gait unsteadiness, cognitive and mental status changes, movement disorders and upper extremity radicular symptoms. There are two presumed pathophysiologic mechanisms behind the development of various manifestations of intracranial hypotension. Firstly, CSF loss leads to downward shift of the brain causing traction on the anchoring and supporting structures of the brain. Secondly, CSF loss results in compensatory meningeal venodilation. Headaches presenting acutely after an intervention or trauma that is known to cause CSF leakage are easy to diagnose. However, a high degree of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension and understanding various neurological symptoms of intracranial hypotension may help clinicians.

Differences in Characteristics and Comorbidity of Cluster Headache According to the Presence of Migraine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cluster headache (CH) can present with migrainous symptoms such as nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. In addition, an overlap between CH and migraine has been reported. This study aimed to determine the differences in the characteristics of CH according to the presence of comorbid migraine. METHODS: This study was performed using data from a prospective multicenter registry study of CH involving 16 headache clinics. CH and migraine were diagnosed by headache specialists at each hospital based on third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). We interviewed patients with comorbid migraine to obtain detailed information about migraine. The characteristics and psychological comorbidities of CH were compared between patients with and without comorbid migraine. RESULTS: Thirty (15.6%) of 192 patients with CH had comorbid migraine, comprising 18 with migraine without aura, 1 with migraine with aura, 3 with chronic migraine, and 8 with probable migraine. Compared to patients with CH without migraine, patients with CH with comorbid migraine had a shorter duration of CH after the first episode [5.4±7.4 vs. 9.0±8.2 years (mean±standard deviation), p=0.008], a lower frequency of episodic CH (50.0% vs. 73.5%, p=0.010), and a higher frequency of chronic CH (13.3% vs. 3.7%, p=0.033). Psychiatric comorbidities did not differ between patients with and without comorbid migraine. The headaches experienced by patients could be distinguished based on their trigeminal autonomic symptoms, pulsating character, severity, and pain location. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct characteristics of CH remained unchanged in patients with comorbid migraine with the exception of an increased frequency of chronic CH. The most appropriate management of CH requires clinicians to check the history of preceding migraine, particularly in cases of chronic CH.

Secondary glaucoma induced by bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris / Glaucoma secundário à despigmentação bilateral aguda da íris

Abstract We report a case of a middle-aged woman who developed acute, bilateral, symmetrical, slightly transilluminating depigmentation of the iris and pigment discharge into the anterior chamber following the use of oral moxifloxacin for bacterial sinusitis. She had been misdiagnosed as having autoimmune uveitis, treated with steroids and tropicamide, and underwent severe ocular hypertension and glaucoma despite posterior correct diagnosis.

Resumo Relato de um caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino de meia idade que desenvolveu despigmentação bilateral simultânea aguda com dispersão de pigmentos na câmara anterior e discreta transiluminação após o uso de moxifloxacino oral para tratamento de sinusite bacteriana. Ela Havia sido diagnosticada com uveite autoimune e tratada com corticosteroide tópico e tropicamida e evoluiu com hipertensão ocular grave e glaucoma apesar de ,posteriormente, o diagnóstico ter sido correto.

Síndrome Iridocorneana Endotelial: Relato de Caso da Variante de Chandler / Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome: Case Report of Chandler's Variant

Resumo O presente estudo tem por objetivo relatar um raro caso da variante de Chandler da Síndrome Iridocorneana Endotelial em uma paciente de 56 anos. Esta referia baixa acuidade visual em olho direito há 2 anos, acompanhada de fotofobia e prurido. Ao exame oftalmológico, no primeiro atendimento, apresentava em olho direito acuidade visual de conta dedos à 0,5 metro e se observava à biomicroscopia policoria, edema corneano com microcistos e hiperemia conjuntival. O olho esquerdo não apresentava alterações. A pressão intraocular era de 16mmHg no olho direito e 10mmHg no olho esquerdo. Iniciou-se tratamento tópico com dorzolamida, maleato de timolol e dexametasona, sendo então, alcançado o controle da pressão intraocular. Constatou-se no exame de microscopia especular corneana a presença de ice cells. Na biomicroscopia atual, apresenta, no olho acometido, edema corneano com opacidade central, policoria, cristalino não visível e fundo de olho indevassável. Diante da confirmação do diagnóstico de Síndrome de Chandler, pelo quadro clínico compatível e alterações nos exames complementares, a paciente está em acompanhamento no serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital Federal Servidores do Estado.

Abstract We report in this study a case of Chandler's Syndrome, an Iridocorneal Endhotelial Syndrome variant in a 56 years old patient, female, complaining about low vision in the right side, as well as itching and photophobia in the same side. In the first evaluation, we observed visual acuity of counting fingers at 0,5 meters, corneal swelling with microcystus and conjunctival hyperemia. The left eye was normal. Intraocular pressure was 16mmHg in right eye and 10 mmHg in left eye. We initiated topic treatment with Dorzolamide, Timolol and Dexamethasone, with good control of intraocular pressure. We noticed in corneal specular microscopy the presence of ice cells. In current biomicroscopy it is remarkable the corneal swelling, with central opacity and lens was not visible, as well as the fundoscopy is impossible. We confirmed the diagnosis of Chandler' Syndrome based on the clinical findings, and in abnormalities in complementary exams. Nowadays, the patient is being followed in the Ophthalmology department at Hospital Federal Servidores do Estado.

Crianças diagnosticadas com Síndrome de Irlen: análise de produções escritas / Children diagnosed with Irlen Syndrome: analysis of written productions / Niños diagnosticados con síndrome de Irlen: análisis de producciones escritas

Este estudo objetiva analisar textos produzidos por um sujeito de 10 anos de idade, do sexo masculino, diagnosticado com Síndrome de Irlen (SI). Trata-se de um relato de um estudo de caso, pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho sócio-histórico. Priorizou-se a análise de aspectos discursivos e notacionais das produções escritas, relacionadas a quatro gêneros discursivos: uma carta (para um ídolo, para um familiar ou para um amigo), regras de um jogo, um conto infantil e um cartaz. Em relação aos aspectos discursivos, o participante da pesquisa conseguiu operar sobre vários aspectos que caracterizam as condições de produção dos gêneros requeridos, evidenciando pertinência em relação às temáticas propostas, à finalidade e ao contexto de circulação do texto. Quanto aos aspectos notacionais, o sujeito apresentou estratégias e hipóteses distantes do padrão ortográfico da língua, tais como: trocas, omissões e acréscimo de letras e segmentação indevida. Os resultados evidenciam que crianças com esse diagnóstico podem apresentar estratégias singulares em suas produções, inerentes ao processo de apropriação da linguagem escrita. Diante da análise realizada, sugere-se o implemento de estudos acerca da referida síndrome que ofereçam elementos para que profissionais da saúde e educação, envolvidos com sujeitos acometidos pela mesma, possam em suas práticas clínicas e escolares desenvolver um trabalho que priorize os processos e as diferentes dimensões envolvidas com a apropriação da leitura e da escrita.

The objective of this study was to analyze different texts produced by a 10-year-old male individual diagnosed with Irlen Syndrome (IS). This is a case report; a socio-historical qualitative study. The analysis focused on the discursive and notational aspects of the production of four different writing genres: a letter (to an idol, a family member, or a friend), the rules of a game, a children's story, and a poster. Regarding the discursive aspects, the participant was able to adequately operate the various aspects that characterize the production of the required genres, showing relevance concerning the proposed themes, objectives, and context flow. As for the notational aspects, the subject presented hypotheses and strategies that were distant from the orthographic pattern of the target language, such as changes, omissions, increase of letters and undue segmentation. The results show that children diagnosed with IS may have unique strategies, inherent to the appropriation process of written language. Based on the analysis, it is suggested that studies on IS are conducted, so that they may offer elements for health and education professionals involved with these individuals in their clinical and school practices to conduct their jobs prioritizing the processes and different dimensions involved with the appropriation of reading and writing skills.

Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar producciones escritas por un sujeto de 10 años de edad, de sexo masculino, diagnosticado con el Síndrome de Irlen (SI). Se trata un estudio de caso, investigación cualitativa, de carácter socio-histórico. Se ha priorizado el análisis de los aspectos discursivos y notacionales de las producciones escritas relacionadas con cuatro géneros discursivos: Una carta (a su ídolo, a un miembro de la familia o a un amigo), reglas de un juego, un cuento infantil y un póster. En cuanto a los aspectos discursivos, el participante de la investigación consiguió operar bajo diversos aspectos que caracterizan las condiciones de producción de los géneros requeridos, evidenciando pertinencia para los temas propuestos, la finalidad y el contexto de circulación del texto. En cuanto a los aspectos notacionales, el sujeto presentó estrategias y hipótesis distantes de la ortografía estandarizada, tales como: cambios, omisiones y adición de letras y segmentación inadecuada. Los resultados indican que los niños con este diagnóstico pueden desarrollar estrategias únicas en sus producciones, inherentes al proceso de apropiación de la lengua escrita. Ante el análisis realizado, se sugiere el implemento de estudios acerca del síndrome que ofrezcan elementos con los cuales profesionales de la salud y educación, involucrados con los individuos afectados, puedan en sus prácticas clínicas y escolares desarrollar un trabajo que da prioridad a los procesos y a las diferentes dimensiones relacionadas con la apropiación de la lectura y escritura.

The effectiveness and tolerability of oral acetaminophen/aspirin/caffeine (AAC) combination regimen as an acute treatment for migraine in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized trials

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a highly common disorder that can cause significant disability on an individual, which collectively may lead to a substantial burden for the society. Various expert societies have recommended Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine (AAC) combination regimen as the first-line drug treatment for migraine attacks; however, there were no pooled evidences summarizing the effectiveness and tolerability of this regimen.OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness and tolerability assessment of oral AAC combination regimen as an acute treatment for migraine in adults.METHODS: Relevant studies from inception to March 2014 were searched in Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus and metaRegister of Controlled Trials. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for the assessment of risk of bias was employed. Trials that were randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo and active-controlled were included and the data were employed for meta-analysis. To evaluate the quality of evidence, the GRADE approach was utilized for outcomes with sufficient studies and data.RESULTS: From 225 records identified, 4 trials were included in this review, with a total of 3,608 participants with recorded baseline characteristics. Patient-reported migraine intensity was moderate-severe and the AAC dose used was at 500/500/130 mg. At 2 hours, AAC regimen was statistically different and found to be superior to placebo in terms of pain-free, headache relief, nausea-free, photophobia-free, phonophobia-free and functional disability reduction rates using intension-to-treat analysis. Missing data did not alter the outcome measures generating robust results. Sumatriptan 100 mg was found to be better than AAC in pain-free rate, and phonophobia-free rates at 2 hours. Statistically more patients in the AAC arm experienced "any adverse event" compared to placebo and complaints were commonly nausea and nervousness.CONCLUSION: For adult individuals with moderate-severe migraine, a fixed oral dose of Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine (AAC 500/500/130 mg) may be used as first-line therapy for the acute treatment of migraine and is only associated with mild, infrequent adverse events.

Causes of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and therapeutic measures

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is the most common type of infectious conjunctivitis, and is caused by adenoviruses. The mode of transmission is mainly through direct contact with ocular secretions. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is generally diagnosed based on a patient's clinical features, and additional measures, such as cell cultures, polymerase chain reaction, and rapid antigen detection tests, can further confirm the diagnosis. The most common symptoms include a foreign body sensation, tearing, and photophobia. The symptoms are usually expressed unilaterally in the initial phase, but gradually become bilateral. Frequently occurring complications include pseudomembrane formation and subepithelial infiltrates. Currently, no antiviral agent has been proven effective to alter the natural course of the disease, and treatment merely has a supportive role instead of a curative role. Therefore, preventive measures in medical offices and in the community are the most important methods of controlling the propagation of this disease.

A Case Report of Takayasu's Arteritis with Traction Retinal Detachment

PURPOSE: To report a rare case of traction retinal detachment and retinal ischemia in inactive Takayasu's arteritis at ophthalmologic clinic. CASE SUMMARY: A 23-year-old woman presented with a floater, photophobia, and visual loss in her right eye one week prior to visit. She had no other systemic disease, such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension, or previous ophthalmic abnormalities except for a tumor in the adrenal gland. We found bilateral retinal ischemia and traction retinal detachment in the right eye on fundus examination without iris neovascularization. Pars plana vitrectomy, traction removal, endolaser treatment, and intravitreal bevacizumab injection were performed. Steroid eye drops and steroid systemic administration relieved the inflammation. On carotid doppler sonography, we found severe stenosis and thickness of the inner layer in both carotid arteries. We diagnosed the patient with an inactive phase of Takayasu's arteritis, which was conclusively correlated with the clinical features. Vascular anastomosis surgery along with follow-up was proposed by both the cardiology and vascular surgery departments. CONCLUSIONS: When a young patient presents with traction retinal detachment and retinal ischemia, Takayasu's arteritis should be considered for differential diagnosis and a systemic work-up should be performed as soon as possible.

Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR) in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis / Retinopatia aguda zonal oculta externa em uma paciente com tireoidite de Hashimoto

ABSTRACT Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) is a rare disease characterized by an acute damage of one or more external retinal zones leading to the visual field or the visual acuity impairment associated with small or no changes in the fundus examination.The main clinical symptoms are scotomas and the sudden onset of photopsias. Abnormal findings on electroretinography and visual field defects are critical for the diagnosis. Central vision is usually preserved and the stabilization occurs in six months in most cases. The objective of this article is to describe a 24-month follow-up of a patient with AZOOR and correlate the findings with the typical features of this disease.

RESUMO A retinopatia aguda zonal oculta externa (AZOOR) é uma doença rara, caracterizada por um dano agudo de uma ou mais zonas da retina externa que levam ao comprometimento do campo visual ou da acuidade visual, estando associada a pequenas ou nenhumas alterações no exame fundoscópico. Os principais sintomas clínicos são escotomas e o aparecimento súbito de fotopsias. Resultados anormais de defeitos de campo visual e eletrorretinografia são críticos para o diagnóstico. A visão central é geralmente preservada e a estabilização do quadro ocorre em seis meses na maioria dos casos. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o "follow-up" de 24 meses de uma paciente com AZOOR e correlacionar os achados com as características típicas desta doença.

Epithelial ingrowth after penetrating trauma

This is a case report about the anterior segment findings of epithelial ingrowth in a young female patient after penetrating trauma. The patient underwent multiple surgeries after penetrating trauma and epithelial ingrowth was noted on regular follow-up. Epithelial ingrowth was noted along the inner surface of corneal endothelium along with the presence of cysts. These findings suggest that epithelium penetrated through the site of perforation and grew along endothelium. Although epithelial ingrowth is a commonly reported complication of photorefractive surgery, it is rarely reported after trauma to eye. To authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of epithelial ingrowth in Pakistan

Ictiosis sindrómicas / Syndromic ichthyosis

Las ictiosis hereditarias son un grupo de desórdenes mendelianos, con manifestaciones clínicas y alteraciones genéticas heterogéneas caracterizadas por la presencia de escamas y/o hiperqueratosis. Las ictiosis sindrómicas son aquellas en las que el defecto genético se manifiesta en la piel y también en otros órganos. Presentamos 7 pacientes con ictiosis sindrómicas: un síndrome IFAP (ictiosis folicular, atriquia, fotofobia), un síndrome de Conradi-Hünermann-Happle (CHH), dos síndromes de Netherton (SN), dos síndromes de Sjögren-Larsson (SSL) y un síndrome KID (queratitis, ictiosis, sordera). Se analizan las características clínicas y diagnósticas de nuestros pacientes (AU)

Inherited ichthyosis are a group of clinical and genetic heterogeneous disorders characterized by the presence of scales, hyperkeratosis or both. In syndromic ichthyosis, the genetic defect involves the skin and other organs. We present 7 patients with syndromic ichthyosis: a case of IFAP syndrome (ichthyosis follicularis with alopecia and photophobia), a case of Conradi-Hünermann-Happle (CHH) syndrome, two cases of Netherton syndrome, two cases of Sjögren-Larsson syndrome and a case of KID syndrome (keratitis, ichthyosis and deafness). We analyze the diagnostic and clinical features of our patients (AU)

A Case of Migraine with Aura Related to the Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defect

PURPOSE: To report a case of migraine attacks with aura that occurred after percutaneous closure of an atrial septal defect (ASD) with the Amplatzer septal occluder device. CASE SUMMARY: A 58-year-old female presented with glare and scintillation that lasted 3 days. She had a history of percutaneous ASD intervention 3 weeks prior. Because ophthalmologic examination revealed nothing remarkable, the patient underwent observation. However, two months later, she revisited our department, presenting with aggravated glare, scintillation, and severe photophobia. Also, she presented with scintillation followed by a headache starting from the right temporal area extending to the occipital area. The patient was diagnosed with migraine with aura, which was newly developed after percutaneous ASD closure. After switching medication from acetylsalicylic acid to clopidogrel, the frequency and intensity of the headaches were reduced. No recurrence of ophthalmic symptoms or headache was observed during the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous closure of ASD can be complicated by the appearance of migraine attacks with aura. When patients present with glare and scintillation, ophthalmologists must consider the possibility of migraine with aura and migraine induced by secondary causes. Thus, detailed history taking should be taken in order to make an early diagnosis of migraine.

Endocrine complications during and after adolescence in a patient with cystinosis

Cystinosis is a rare disease characterized by abnormal lysosomal cystine accumulation of cystine due to impaired lysosomal transport. We previously reported the first case of cystinosis in Korea in a 12-year-old boy with short stature, general weakness, and photophobia. The diagnosis was confirmed based on ophthalmic findings and biochemical analyses (serum leukocyte cystine measurement). Major endocrine manifestations at diagnosis included hypothyroidism, growth retardation, and hypogonadism. Despite oral cysteamine administration and renal replacement therapy, multiple complications including both endocrine and nonendocrine disorders developed during and after adolescence. In this report, we review the presenting features and factors related to the long-term complications in a patient with cystinosis.

Distrofia de la membrana basal epitelial / epithelial basal membrane dystrophy

La distrofia de Cogan es la distrofia corneal anterior más común, frecuente en adultos del sexo femenino, entre 40-70 años de edad. Presentamos un caso de una paciente de 50 años de edad, del sexo femenino, quien refiere visión borrosa, lagrimeo y fotofobia. Al examen de la córnea en lámpara de hendidura se observan imágenes de color grisáceo en forma de huellas dactilares y de mapa. Esta afección es causada por alteraciones de la membrana basal epitelial que provoca la separación parcial o total del epitelio corneal. Generalmente asintomática, es la causa más frecuente de erosión corneal recurrente. Las opciones terapéuticas varían desde lubricantes, soluciones hipertónicas tópicas, lentes de contacto de vendaje, desbridamiento del epitelio central, micropunciones mecánicas o diatermia y fotoqueratectomía con láser excímer.

Cogan's dystrophy is the most common anterior corneal dystrophy in adult females aged 40-70 years of age. Here is a 50 years-old female patient suffering from blurred vision, weeping eyes and photophobia. On examination, grayish images were observed in the form of fingerprints and map. This disease is caused by alterations of the epithelial basal membrane bringing about partial or total removal of the corneal epithelium. Often asymptomatic, it is the most common cause of recurrent corneal erosion. Treatment options range from lubricants, topical hypertonic solutions, bandage contact lenses, central epithelial debridement, mechanical or diathermy micropuncture and excimer laser photokeratectomy.